Diagnosing Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) | Activase® (alteplase) (2024)

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Know stroke. Know the signs. Act in time. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/knowstroke.htm.Last modified March 29, 2016. Accessed August 12, 2016.

Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.Stroke. 2019;50:e344-e418.

Demaerschalk BM, Kleindorfer DO, Adeoye OM, et al. Scientific rationale for the inclusion and exclusion criteria for intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.Stroke. 2016;47(2):581-641.

Ferbert A, Brückmann H, Drummen R. Clinical features of proven basilar artery occlusion.Stroke.1990;21(8):1135-1142. doi:10.1161/01.str.21.8.1135

Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, et al. HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging.Stroke. 2009;40(11):3504-10.

Activase [prescribing information]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc.

Arch AE, Weisman DC, Coca S, et al. Missed ischemic stroke diagnosis in the emergency department by emergency medicine and neurology services.Stroke. 2016;47(3):668-73.

Madsen TE, Khoury J, Cadena R, et al. Potentially missed diagnosis of ischemic stroke in the emergency department in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky stroke study.Academic Emergency Medicine. 2016;23(10):1128-35.

Masoud HE, de Havenon A, Castonguay AC et al. 2022 brief practice update on intravenous thrombolysis before thrombectomy in patients with large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke: a statement from Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology Guidelines and Practice Standards (GAPS) committee.Stroke Vasc Interv Neurol. 2022;2:e000276. doi:10.1161/SVIN.121.000276

Trevo EDFU. Fremont, CA: Stryker International; 2016.

Solitaire Revascularization Device. Medtronic website. Updated February 2018. Accessed May 9, 2018. http://www.medtronic.com/us-en/healthcare-professionals/products/neurological/revascularization-stroke/solitaire.html

Food and Drug Administration. FDA information on medication errors involving Activase and TNKase. September 2015. Available at http://www.fda.gov. Accessed on February 24, 2023.

Data on file. Genentech USA. No Title.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group.N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581-1587.

FDA Access Summary basis of approval. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/96/altegen061896s.pdf. Accessed August 14, 2017.

Summers D, Leonard A, Wentworth D, et al. Comprehensive overview of nursing and interdisciplinary care of the acute ischemic stroke patient: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Stroke. 2009;40:2911-2944.

American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. Reference Series for Clinical Practice. 2004. Available at https://aann.org/. Accessed on February 23, 2023.

Tamm A, Siddiqui M, Shuaib A, et al. Impact of stroke care unit on patient outcomes in a community hospital.Stroke. 2014;45(1):211-216.

CMS Quality Measurement Programs Characteristics. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services website. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/QualityMeasures/Downloads/CMSQualityMeasurementProgramsCharacteristics.PDF. Published June 28, 2012. Accessed August 13, 2016.

The Joint Commission, Stroke. Last updated June 17, 2016. Accessed August 1, 2016. https://www.jointcommission.org/stroke/

Skolarus LE, Meurer WJ, Shanmugasundaram K, et al. Marked regional variation in acute stroke treatment among Medicare beneficiaries.Stroke. 2015;46:1890-1896.

ICD-10. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/ICD10/.Accessed August 14, 2017.

Schwamm LH, Pancioli A, Acker JE, et al. Recommendations for the establishment of stroke systems of care: recommendations from the American Stroke Association’s Task Force on the Development of Stroke Systems.Stroke. 2005;36(3):690-703.

Fonarow GC, Smith EE, Saver JL, et al. Improving door-to-needle times in acute ischemic stroke: the design and rationale for the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's Target: Stroke initiative.Stroke. 2011;42(10):2983-2989.

Goyal M, Menon BK, Hill MD, Demchuk A. Consistently achieving computed tomography to endovascular recanalization <90 minutes: solutions and innovations.Stroke. 2014;45(12):e252-e256.

Kalanithi L, Tai W, Conley J, Platchek T, Zulman D, Milstein A. Better health, less spending: delivery innovation for ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 2014;45(10):3105-3111.

Meretoja A, Weir L, Ugalde M, et al. Helsinki model cut stroke thrombolysis delays to 25 minutes in Melbourne in only 4 months.Neurology. 2013;81(12):1071-1076.

Nguyen-Huynh MN. KPNC stroke EXPRESS: expediting the process of evaluating and stopping stroke. Presentation; 2016.

American Heart Association. Target: Stroke. Accessed April 10, 2023. https://www.heart.org/en/professional/quality-improvement/target-stroke

Wechsler LR, Demaerschalk BM, Schwamm LH, et al. Telemedicine quality and outcomes in stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.Stroke. 2017 Jan 1;48(1):e3-25.

American Hospital Association. http://www.aha.org/research/reports/tw/12oct-tw-quality.pdf.October 2012. Accessed October 11, 2016.

Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2016;149(2):315-352.

Fesmire FM, Brown MD, Espinosa JA, et al. Critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected pulmonary embolism.Ann Emerg Med.2011 Jun;57(6):628-652.e75.

Wood KE. Major pulmonary embolism: review of a pathophysiologic approach to the golden hour of hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism.Chest. 2002;121:877-905.

Tan KT, Oudkerk M, van Beek EJR. Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism. In: Hallet JW Jr, Mills JL, Earnshaw JJ, Reekers JA, eds.Comprehensive Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Limited; 2003.

Martin-Schild S, Albright KC, Tanksley J, et al. Zero on the NIHSS does not equal the absence of stroke.Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57:42-45.

NIH Stroke Scale International. Approach to Human Subject Protection and Patient Safety. Available at: http://www.nihstrokescale.org. Accessed March 18, 2020.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.MMWR. 2009 May 1;58:421-426.

Menon BK, Saver JL, Prabhakaran S, et al. Risk score for intracranial hemorrhage in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator.Stroke. 2012;43:2293-2299.

Searls DE, Pazdera L, Korbel E, Vysata O,Caplan LR. Symptoms and signs of posterior circulation ischemia in the New England Medical Center posteriorcirculation registry. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(3):346-351. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.2083